| Preface |
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ix | |
| About the Authors |
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xi | |
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The Middle-School Learner: Theory and Research That Inform Practice |
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1 | (18) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (4) |
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The Cognitive--Constructivist View of Reading |
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7 | (6) |
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The Cognitive Orientation |
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7 | (4) |
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The Social--Constructivist Orientation |
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11 | (2) |
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Transactional Theory: Response to Literature |
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13 | (4) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Reading as Social and Cultural |
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16 | (1) |
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Reading as Transformational |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Motivation and Engagement |
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19 | (28) |
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Creating a Literate Environment |
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21 | (7) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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The Importance of Positive Attributions |
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28 | (3) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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Concrete Approaches to Motivating Students |
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31 | (11) |
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31 | (1) |
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Providing Appropriate Challenges |
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32 | (3) |
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Grouping Students to Promote Learning and Positive Attitudes |
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35 | (2) |
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Promoting Academic Values and Goals |
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37 | (2) |
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Fostering Higher-Order Thinking and Deep Understanding |
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39 | (1) |
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Ensuring Active Participation, Using Cooperative Activities, and Including Variety |
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40 | (1) |
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Making Connections to Students' Cultures and Lives Outside of School |
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41 | (1) |
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Praising Students, Rewarding Them, and Helping Them Set Goals |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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Motivational Strategies Gleaned from Brophy |
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43 | (1) |
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Motivational Strategies Gleaned from Pressley and His Colleagues |
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44 | (1) |
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Motivational Strategies Listed by the National Research Council |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Books for Middle-Grade Students |
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45 | (2) |
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Literature for Adolescents |
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47 | (30) |
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Defining Adolescent Literature |
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48 | (1) |
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Selecting Books for Adolescents |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Other Literary Considerations |
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50 | (1) |
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Understanding Narrative Fiction |
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50 | (12) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (2) |
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Genres in Narrative Fiction |
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56 | (6) |
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62 | (3) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Expository and Narrative Nonfiction |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (2) |
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Figurative Language/Imagery |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Building a Classroom Collection |
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68 | (4) |
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69 | (2) |
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Selection versus Censorship |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Books for Middle-Grade Readers |
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73 | (4) |
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Scaffolding Students' Comprehension, Learning, and Engagement with Text |
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77 | (28) |
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The Purpose, the Selection, and the Students |
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79 | (3) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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The Scaffolded Reading Experience |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (6) |
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84 | (1) |
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Relating the Reading to Students' Lives |
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84 | (1) |
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Activating or Building Background Knowledge |
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85 | (1) |
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Providing Text-Specific Knowledge |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Prequestioning, Predicting, and Direction Setting |
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87 | (1) |
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Using Students' Native Language |
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87 | (1) |
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Involving English-Language Learner Communities, Parents, and Siblings |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Sample Prereading Activity: Prereading Questionnaire |
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89 | (1) |
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During-Reading Activities |
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89 | (4) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Sample During-Reading Activity: Supported Reading |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (8) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Artistic and Nonverbal Activities |
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98 | (1) |
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Application and Outreach Activities |
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98 | (1) |
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Sample Postreading Activity |
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99 | (2) |
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A Comprehensive Scaffolded Reading Experience |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (1) |
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Books for Middle-Grade Readers |
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104 | (1) |
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Teaching Comprehension and Study Strategies |
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105 | (30) |
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Reading Comprehension and Study Strategies |
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106 | (11) |
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Characteristics of Comprehension and Study Strategies |
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107 | (1) |
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Key Comprehension and Study Strategies |
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108 | (7) |
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Concepts Underlying Our Approach to Teaching Strategies |
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115 | (2) |
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A Powerful Approach to Teaching Strategies |
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117 | (10) |
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Instruction for Determining What Is Important |
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119 | (6) |
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125 | (1) |
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The Constructive Nature of Good Strategy Instruction |
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126 | (1) |
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Review and Followup Activities |
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126 | (1) |
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Widely Recommended Sequences of Strategies |
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127 | (5) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Teaching Sequences of Strategies |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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Books for Middle-Grade Readers |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (24) |
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Developing Engaged Readers |
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137 | (7) |
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137 | (3) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (2) |
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Developing a Community of Responsive Readers |
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144 | (5) |
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145 | (3) |
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Drama, Choral Reading, and Other Oral Presentations |
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148 | (1) |
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Developing Literary Understanding |
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149 | (7) |
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150 | (1) |
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Other Ways to Learn about Literature |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (2) |
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Teaching Narrative Fiction |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Books for Middle-Grade Readers |
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157 | (2) |
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Fostering Higher-Order Thinking and Deep Understanding |
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159 | (28) |
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Fostering Higher-Order Thinking |
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160 | (5) |
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Just What Is Higher-Order Thinking? |
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161 | (1) |
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A Taxonomy of Higher-Order Questions |
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162 | (1) |
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An Additional Perspective for Considering Questions |
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163 | (2) |
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Teaching for Understanding |
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165 | (19) |
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Some Key Attributes of Teaching for Understanding |
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166 | (4) |
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Teaching for Understanding Units |
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170 | (4) |
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Jigsaw Cooperative Learning |
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174 | (3) |
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177 | (7) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Books for Middle-Grade Readers |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (32) |
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Providing Frequent, Extensive, and Varied Language Experiences |
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189 | (2) |
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Teaching Individual Words |
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191 | (12) |
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The Word-Learning Tasks Students Face |
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191 | (2) |
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Identifying Vocabulary to Teach |
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193 | (1) |
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Methods of Teaching Individual Words |
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194 | (9) |
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Teaching Students Word-Learning Strategies |
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203 | (7) |
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Using Context Cues to Unlock the Meanings of Unknown Words |
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203 | (3) |
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Using Word Parts to Unlock the Meanings of Unknown Words |
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206 | (2) |
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Using the Dictionary to Identify or Clarify Word Meanings |
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208 | (2) |
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Fostering Word Consciousness |
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210 | (5) |
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Modeling, Recognizing, and Encouraging Adept Diction |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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Providing Intensive and Expressive Instruction |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Books for Middle-Grade Readers |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (30) |
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Beyond Standardized Tests |
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220 | (6) |
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Norm-Referenced Standardized Tests |
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221 | (1) |
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Criterion-Referenced Standardized Tests |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (2) |
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Assessing Student Performance |
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226 | (14) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (7) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (2) |
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Combining Assessment Strategies |
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240 | (1) |
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Encouraging Student Self-Evaluation |
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240 | (3) |
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Talking with Students about Progress |
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241 | (1) |
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Student Collection of Self-Assessment Data |
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242 | (1) |
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Helping Students Understanding Their Own Needs |
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242 | (1) |
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Documenting Student Progress |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Keeping Track of the Whole Class |
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244 | (1) |
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Assessing the Effectiveness of Your Teaching |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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Books for Middle-Grade Readers |
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247 | (2) |
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Organizing Classrooms to Promote Reading and Responding |
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249 | (20) |
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Creative Effective Instruction |
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251 | (15) |
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252 | (8) |
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Effective Instruction in Action |
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260 | (6) |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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Books for Middle-Grade Readers |
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267 | (2) |
| References |
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269 | (14) |
| Index |
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283 | |