Microreactors New Technology for Modern Chemistry

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Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2000-06-15
Publisher(s): Wiley-VCH
List Price: $316.86

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Summary

Tiny devices with huge potential! New concepts of chemical synthesis have led to an increasing demand for miniaturization and more complex systems. Microreaction technology is a hot topic as it opens completely new possibilities for chemical engineering, combinatorial chemistry, and biotechnology. Small, inexpensive, independent, and versatile devices ensure many reactions achieve maximum selectivity, minimum waste, minimum investment, a better control of the process, safe manufacture and production on demand - to create a more efficient process. This book outlines the fabrication techniques of microfluidic components, unit operations of micro-chemical engineering and current world-wide activities. Requirements with respect to needs of the chemical industry have been included. Chemists, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, process engineers, microsystem technologists in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry and academia, as well as manufacturers of analytical instruments, will find this book a state-of- the-art review of this extremely interesting and rapidly developing field.

Author Biography

Wolfgang Ehrfeld and Volker Hessel are the authors of Microreactors: New Technology for Modern Chemistry, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

State of the Art of Microreaction Technology
1(14)
Definition
1(4)
Microsystems Termed Microreactor
1(1)
Structural Hierarchy of Microreactors
1(3)
Functional Classification of Microreactors
4(1)
Dividing Line Between Analysis and Reaction Systems
4(1)
Fundamental Advantages of Microreactors
5(5)
Fundamental Advantages of Miniaturized Analysis Systems
5(1)
Fundamental Advantages of Nano-Scale Reactors
5(1)
Advantages of Microreactors Due to Decrease of Physical Size
6(2)
Advantages of Microreactors Due to Increase of Number of Units
8(2)
Potential Benefits of Microreactors Regarding Applications
10(2)
References
12(3)
Modern Microfabrication Techniques for Microreactors
15(26)
Microfabrication Techniques Suitable for Microreactor Realization
15(1)
Evaluation of Suitability of a Technique
16(1)
Anisotropic Wet Etching of Silicon
17(2)
Dry Etching of Silicon
19(1)
LIGA Process
20(1)
Injection Molding
21(1)
Wet Chemical Etching of Glass
22(1)
Advanced Mechanical Techniques
23(2)
Surface Cutting with Diamond Tools
23(1)
Milling, Turning and Drilling
23(1)
Punching
24(1)
Embossing
24(1)
Isotropic Wet Chemical Etching of Metal Foils
25(1)
Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) of Conductive Materials
26(3)
Wire-Cut Erosion and Die Sinking
27(2)
μ-EDM Drilling
29(1)
Laser Micromachining
29(1)
Interconnection Techniques
30(3)
Microlamination of Thin Metal Sheets
30(3)
Functional Coatings
33(2)
Functional Coatings for Corrosion Prevention
33(1)
Functional Coatings for Fouling Prevention
34(1)
References
35(6)
Micromixers
41(46)
Mixing Principles and Classes of Macroscopic Mixing Equipment
41(2)
Mixing Principles and Classes of Miniaturized Mixers
43(3)
Potential of Miniaturized Mixers
46(3)
Contacting of Two Substreams, e.g. in a Mixing Tee Configuration
49(3)
Mixing Tee-Type Configuration
49(1)
Double Mixing Tee-Type Configuration
50(2)
Collision of High-Energy Substreams for Spraying/Atomizing
52(1)
Collision of Three Substreams in a Microjet Reactor
52(1)
Injection of Many Small Substreams of One Component into a Main Stream of Another Component
53(2)
Injection of Multiple Microjets
53(2)
Manifold Splitting and Recombination of a Stream Consisting of Two Fluid Lamellae of Both Components
55(9)
Multiple Flow Splitting and Recombination Combined with Channel Reshaping
55(3)
Multiple Flow Splitting and Recombination Using Fork-Like Elements
58(2)
Multiple Flow Splitting and Recombination Using a Separation Plate
60(2)
Multiple Flow Splitting and Recombination Using a Ramp-Like Channel Architecture
62(2)
Injection of Many Substreams of Both Components
64(16)
Multilamination of Fluid Layers in an Interdigital Channel Configuration
64(9)
Vertical Multilamination of Fluid Layers Using a V-type Nozzle Array
73(2)
Multilamination Using a Stack of Platelets with Microchannels
75(4)
Multilamination Using a Stack of Platelets with Star-Shaped Openings
79(1)
Decrease of Diffusion Path Perpendicular to the Flow Direction by Increase of Flow Velocity
80(3)
Decrease of Layer Thickness by Hydrodynamic Focussing
80(3)
Externally Forced Mass Transport, e.g. by Stirring, Ultrasonic Wave, Electrical and Thermal energy
83(1)
Dynamic Micromixer Using Magnetic Beads
83(1)
References
83(4)
Micro Heat Exchangers
87(28)
Micro Heat Exchangers with Wide and Flat Channels
89(10)
Cross-Flow Heat Exchange in Stacked Plate Devices
89(3)
Cross-Flow Heat Exchange Based on Cross-Mixing
92(2)
Counter-Flow Heat Exchange in Stacked Plate Devices
94(3)
Electrically Heated Stacked Plate Devices
97(2)
Micro Heat Exchangers with Narrow and Deep Channels
99(3)
Heat Exchanger with One-Sided Structured Channels
99(1)
Heat Exchanger with Double-Sided Structured Channels
100(2)
Micro Heat Exchangers with Breakthrough Channels
102(2)
Axial Heat Conduction
104(2)
Numerical Calculations of the Influence of Material Choice on Heat Transfer Efficiency
104(1)
The Use of Thermal Blocking Structures
105(1)
Permanent Generation of Entrance Flow by Fins
106(1)
Generation of a Periodic Flow Profile by Sine-Wave Microchannels
107(1)
Microtechnology-Based Chemical Heat Pumps
108(1)
Performance Characterization of Micro Heat Exchangers
109(3)
Temperature Profiles of Micro Heat Exchangers Yielded by Thermograms of Infrared Cameras
110(2)
References
112(3)
Microseparation Systems and Specific Analytical Modules For Microreactors
115(28)
Microextractors
115(15)
Partially Overlapping Channels
115(4)
Wedge-Shaped Flow Contactor
119(3)
Contactor Microchannels Separated by a Micromachined Membrane
122(4)
Contactor Microchannels Separated by Sieve-Like Walls
126(1)
Micromixer--Settler Systems
126(4)
Microfilters
130(3)
Isoporous-Sieve Microfilters
131(1)
Cross-Flow Microfilters
131(2)
Gas Purification Microsystems
133(1)
Gas Separation Microdevices
134(2)
Specific Analytical Modules for Microreactors
136(4)
Analytical Modules for In-Line IR Spectroscopy
136(1)
Analytical Module for Fast Gas Chromatography
136(4)
References
140(3)
Microsystems for Liquid Phase Reactions
143(30)
Types of Liquid Phase Microreactors
144(1)
Liquid/Liquid Synthesis of a Vitamin Precursor in a Combined Mixer and Heat Exchanger Device
144(7)
Acrylate Polymerization in Micromixers
151(3)
Ketone Reduction Using a Grignard Reagent in Micromixers
154(4)
Laboratory-Scale Organic Chemistry in Micromixer/Tube Reactors
158(4)
Dushman Reaction Using Hydrodynamic Focusing Micromixers and High-Aspect Ratio Heat Exchangers
162(2)
Synthesis of Microcrystallites in a Microtechnology-Based Continuous Segmented-Flow Tubular Reactor
164(2)
Electrochemical Microreactors
166(5)
Synthesis of 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde in a Plate-to-Plate Electrode Configuration
166(3)
Scouting Potentiodynamic Operation of Closed Microcells
169(2)
References
171(2)
Microsystems for Gas Phase Reactions
173(51)
Catalyst supply for Microreactors
173(3)
Types of Gas Phase Microreactors
176(1)
Microchannel Catalyst Structures
177(16)
Flow Distribution in Microchannel Catalyst Reactors
177(1)
Partial Oxidation of Propene to Acrolein
178(2)
Selective Partial Hydrogenation of a Cyclic Triene
180(4)
H2/O2 Reaction
184(2)
Selective Partial Hydrogenation of Benzene
186(1)
Selective Oxidation of 1-Butene to Maleic Anhydride
187(1)
Selective Oxidation of Ethylene to Ethylene Oxide
187(1)
Reactions Utilizing Periodic Operation
188(5)
Microsystems with Integrated Catalyst Structures and Heat Exchanger
193(10)
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Alcohols
193(4)
Synthesis of Methyl Isocyanate and Various Other Hazardous Gases
197(3)
H2/O2 Reaction in the Explosion Regime
200(3)
Microsystems with Integrated Catalyst Structures and Mixer
203(6)
Synthesis of Ethylene Oxide
203(6)
Microsystems with Integrated Catalyst Structures, Heat Exchanger and Sensors
209(8)
Oxidation of Ammonia
209(5)
H2/O2 Reaction
214(3)
Microsystems with Integrated Mixer, Heat Exchanger, Catalyst Structures and Sensors
217(1)
HCN Synthesis via the Andrussov Process
217(7)
References
224(33)
Gas/Liquid Microreactors
229(1)
Gas/Liquid Contacting Principles and Classes of Miniaturized Contacting Equipment
229(15)
Contacting of Two Gas and Liquid Substreams in a Mixing Tee Configuration
232(1)
Injection of One Gas and Liquid Substream
232(1)
Injection of Many Gas and Liquid Substreams into One Common Channel
233(2)
Injection of Many Gas and Liquid Substreams into One Packed Channel
235(2)
Injection of Many Gas Substreams into One Liquid Channel with Catalytic Walls
237(2)
Injection of Many Gas and Liquid Substreams into Multiple Channels
239(5)
Generation of Thin Films in a Falling Film Microreactor
244(11)
References
255(2)
Microsystems for Energy Generation
257(14)
Microdevices for Vaporization of Liquid Fuels
257(3)
Microdevices for Conversion of Gaseous Fuels to Syngas by Means of Partial Oxidations
260(5)
Hydrogen Generation by Partial Oxidations
260(1)
Partial Oxidation of Methane in a Stacked Stainless Steel Sheet System
261(2)
Partial Oxidation of Methane in a Microchannel Reactor
263(2)
Microdevices for Conversion of Gaseous Fuels to Syngas by Means of Steam Reforming
265(3)
Steam Reforming of Methanol in Microstructured Platelets
265(3)
References
268(3)
Microsystems for Catalyst and Material Screening
271(6)
Parallel Screening of Heterogeneous Catalysts in a Microchannel Reactor
271(3)
Parallel Screening of Heterogeneous Catalysts in Conventional Mini-Scale Reactors
274(2)
References
276(1)
Methodology for Distributed Production
277(8)
The Miniplant Concept
277(3)
Miniplant Concept for HCN Manufacture
278(1)
The Disposable Batch Miniplant
279(1)
Paradigm Change in Large-Scale Reactor Design Towards Operability and Environmental Aspects Using Miniplants
280(3)
References
283(2)
Index 285

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