High-temperature Measurements of Materials

by Fukuyama, Hiroyuki; Waseda, Yoshio

ISBN13: 9783540859178

ISBN10: 3540859179

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2009-02-03

Publisher(s): Springer Verlag

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Summary

Thermophysical properties of high-temperature materials are important from both the scientific and engineering points of view. This book includes the latest developments in the measurements of atomic structure, density, surface tension, viscosity, heat capacity, thermal and mass diffusivity, thermal conductivity, emissivity, and electrical conductivity of mainly metallic melts. High-temperature measurements are difficult due to high chemical reactivity and fluidity. Some distinctive inventions on the experimental techniques such as levitation technique combined with microgravity, synchrotron radiation or magnetic field enable high-precision measurements. This book is the perfect choice for specialists and nonspecialists eager to know the cutting-edge details in this field.

Author Biography

Hiroyuki Fukuyama is a professor in the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Japan. He is conversant with the high-temperature metallurgical and inorganic materials processes, and has a well-founded reputation through measurement technique. Yoshio Waseda is the former vice president of Tohoku University, Japan. Prof. Waseda is the author or coauthor of more than 500 scientific papers. He has received several awards for his outstanding contributions to the field of materials disordered systems including high temperature oxide and metallic melts.

Measurement of Structure of High Temperature and Undercooled Melts by using X-Ray Diffraction Methods Combined with Levitation Techniques	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Electrostatic Levitator for the Structural Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction Technique	p. 5
Experimental	p. 7
Results and Discussion	p. 10
References	p. 14
Viscosity and Density Measurements of High Temperature Melts	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Viscosity Measurement	p. 17
Capillary Method	p. 18
Oscillating Method	p. 21
Rotating Method	p. 26
Density Measurements	p. 28
Archimedean Method	p. 29
Pycnometric Method	p. 31
Manometric Method	p. 32
Maximum Bubble Pressure Method	p. 33
Sessile Drop Method and Levitation Method	p. 34
Summary	p. 36
References	p. 36
Marangoni Flow and Surface Tension of High Temperature Melts	p. 39
Introduction	p. 39
Marangoni Effect on High-Temperature Melts	p. 39
Definition of Marangoni Flow	p. 39
Crystal Growth	p. 41
Welding	p. 44
Electron Beam Melting	p. 46
Methods for Measuring Surface Tension: Oscillating Drop Method Using Electromagnetic Levitation	p. 47
Surface Tension of Molten Silicon: Influence of Oxygen on Surface Tension	p. 49
Surface Tension of Molten Iron and Iron-based Alloy	p. 54
Thermodynamic Approach for Adsorption of Oxygen at Melt Surface	p. 56
Perspective	p. 56
References	p. 57
Diffusion Coefficients of Metallic Melts Measured by Shear Cell Technique Under Microgravity and on the Ground	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Design of Shear Cell	p. 62
Principle of Shear Cell Technique	p. 62
Minimization of Shear Convection	p. 64
Minimization of Free Surfaces	p. 65
Structure of the Shear Cell	p. 66
Experimental Procedure	p. 66
Diffusion Experiments	p. 66
Evaluation of Mean Square Diffusion Depth	p. 67
Quantitative Measurement of Shear Convection and Correction Method	p. 68
Short-Time Diffusion Experiments	p. 68
Time Dependence of Mean Square Diffusion Depth	p. 70
Influence of Shear Convection	p. 71
Correction Method for the Determination of Diffusion Coefficients	p. 71
1g-Diffusion Measurements with Stable Density Layering	p. 72
Experimental	p. 72
Data Analysis	p. 73
Effect of Density Layering	p. 76
Microgravity Experiments	p. 77
Utilization of Microgravity Environment	p. 77
Microgravity Diffusion Experiments in Foton-M2	p. 77
Temperature Dependence of the Diffusion Coefficients	p. 79
Perspectives	p. 80
Summary	p. 82
References	p. 83
Thermal Diffusivity Measurements of Oxide and Metallic Melts at High Temperature by the Laser Flash Method	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
A Brief Background of the Present Requirement for the Thermal Property Measurements of High Temperature Materials	p. 86
Experimental Procedures and Theoretical Basis for the Laser Flash Method	p. 88
Selected Examples of Thermal Diffusivities of Oxide Melts	p. 94
Selected Examples of Thermal Diffusivities of Metallic Melts	p. 100
Summary	p. 107
References	p. 108
Emissivities of High Temperature Metallic Melts	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
Definition of Emissivity	p. 111
Measurement Techniques for Emissivities	p. 112
Method Based on Wien's Formula	p. 112
Method Based on Optical Constants	p. 113
Method Based on Direct Measurements of Radiation Intensities	p. 116
Other Methods	p. 118
Emissivity Data	p. 120
Noble Metals	p. 120
Transition Metals	p. 122
Semiconducting Materials	p. 124
Alloys	p. 124
References	p. 127
Noncontact Thermophysical Property Measurements of Metallic Melts under Microgravity	p. 131
Introduction	p. 131
Microgravity	p. 132
Containerless Methods	p. 134
Thermophysical Properties	p. 137
Electrical Conductivity	p. 137
Density and Thermal Expansion	p. 139
Specific Heat	p. 139
Viscosity and Surface Tension	p. 141
Summary and Outlook	p. 145
References	p. 146
Noncontact Laser Calorimetry of High Temperature Melts in a Static Magnetic Field	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Theory of Modulation Calorimetry	p. 150
Heat Capacity	p. 150
Thermal Conductivity and Emissivity	p. 153
Verification of the Assumptions of Conduction-Dominated Heat Transfer	p. 157
Verification of the Model and Sensitivity Analysis	p. 159
Emissivity Determination from Cooling Curve	p. 163
Experimental	p. 163
Experimental Results	p. 164
Motion of the Silicon Droplet	p. 164
Temperature Response and Phase Difference	p. 164
Isobaric Molar Heat Capacity	p. 166
Hemispherical Total Emissivity	p. 167
Thermal Conductivity	p. 168
Summary	p. 169
References	p. 171
Noncontact Thermophysical Property Measurements of Refractory Metals Using an Electrostatic Levitator	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
Electrostatic Levitation System	p. 174
Thermophysical Property Measurements	p. 177
Density	p. 177
Surface Tension and Viscosity	p. 178
Experimental Uncertainties	p. 181
Results of Thermophysical Property Measurements of Refractory Metals	p. 181
Density	p. 181
Surface Tension	p. 185
Viscosity	p. 190
Summary	p. 192
References	p. 192
Index	p. 197
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