Etruscan Civilization : A Cultural History

by Sybille Haynes
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2005-09-01
Publisher(s): Oxford University Press, USA
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Summary

This comprehensive survey of Etruscan civilization, from its origin in the Villanovan Iron Age in the ninth century B.C. to its absorption by Rome in the first century B.C., combines well-known aspects of the Etruscan world with new discoveries and fresh insights into the role of women in Etruscan society. In addition, the Etruscans are contrasted to the Greeks, whom they often emulated, and to the Romans, who at once admired and disdained them. The result is a compelling and complete picture of a people and a culture. This in-depth examination of Etruria examines how differing access to mineral wealth, trade routes, and agricultural land led to distinct regional variations. Heavily illustrated with ancient Etruscan art and cultural objects, the text is organized both chronologically and thematically, interweaving archaeological evidence, analysis of social structure, descriptions of trade and burial customs, and an examination of pottery and works of art.

Author Biography


Noted Etruscan scholar Sybille Haynes is the author of Etruscan Bronzes, Etruscan Bronze Utensils, and Etruscan Sculpture.

Table of Contents

Foreword xii
Marion True
Acknowledgments xiv
Introduction xvi
Abbreviations xix
The Villanovan Civilization, Ca. 900-720 B.C.
1(46)
Identifying the Etruscans
1(4)
The Beginnings of Etruscan History
2(2)
The Iron Age
4(1)
Villanovan Settlements and Buildings
5(2)
Hut Urns
5(2)
The Representation of Human Figures
7(1)
Food Production, Diet, and Disease
8(1)
Women's work
9(2)
Carrying Water and Cooking
9(1)
Woolworking
10(1)
Cemeteries and Ash Urns
11(2)
Grave Goods
12(1)
The Beginning of Social Stratification
13(2)
Growth of Population and Migration
15(1)
Exchange of Goods
16(1)
Bronzeworking
16(1)
Horse-Trappings and Vehicles
16(1)
Early Bronze Figurines
17(1)
Contacts with Sardinia
17(3)
Ships: Coastal and River Traffic
17(1)
Import of Sardinian Bronze Objects
18(2)
Bronze Figurines of Women
20(4)
Olmo Bello Necropolis, Tomb 2
21(3)
The Water Carrier from Vetulonia
24(1)
Painted Pottery
24(1)
Evidence of Early Religious Practice
25(5)
The Divinity of the Cult at Pian di Civita (Tarquinia)
28(1)
A Water Cult at Banditella (Canino)
29(1)
Villanovan Civilization in Northern Etruria
30(3)
Fiesole
30(1)
Volterra
30(2)
Pisa
32(1)
Villanovan Civilization North of the Apennines
33(11)
Bologna
33(5)
Verucchio (Romagna)
38(6)
The Status of Women During the Villanovan Period
44(1)
Evidence of Religious Beliefs
45(2)
The Orientalizing Period and the Emergence of the Etruscan Cities, 720-575 B.C.
47(88)
Bronze Age Antecedents
47(3)
The Euboean Contribution
50(1)
Euboean Settlements in the Gulf of Naples
50(1)
Trade Connections Between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean
50(2)
Early Conflicts at Sea
51(1)
Greek Influence on Etruria
52(3)
Fine Painted Pottery for Banqueting
52(3)
Early Orientalizing Vase-Painting At Cerveteri
55(1)
Local Pottery: Bucchero, Impasto, and Subgeometric
56(2)
Jewelry
58(1)
Objects of Ivory and Ostrich Eggshell
58(1)
Etruscan Orientalizing Bronzes
59(1)
Export of Etruscan Bronzes
59(1)
Etruscan Agriculture
60(2)
Oil and Wine
61(1)
Export of Etruscan Wine and Drinking Vessels
61(1)
Trade by Sea
62(2)
Etruscan Writing
64(5)
Inscriptions
65(4)
The Etruscan Double-Name System
69(2)
Burials
71(13)
Tumuli
71(1)
Domestic Architecture Imitated in Chamber Tombs
72(2)
Early Funerary Sculpture
74(1)
Cerveteri: The Regolini-Galassi Tomb
75(4)
Tarquinia: Monumental Tombs
79(2)
Representations of Wailing Women
81(1)
Vetulonia: The Pietrera Tumulus
82(2)
Changes in Domestic Architecture
84(4)
Complex Domestic Interiors Reflected in Chamber Tombs
87(1)
Wall-Paintings in Tombs
88(7)
Veii
88(2)
Cerveteri
90(5)
Altars
95(1)
Women and Wine
96(1)
The Jug from Tragliatella
97(2)
Tombs in Northern Etruria
99(15)
Vetulonia
99(1)
Populonia
100(5)
Chiusi and its Territory
105(7)
The Ombrone Region
112(2)
Architecture: Poggio Civitate
114(12)
The Orientalizing Buildings
115(3)
The Archaic Building Complex
118(8)
Religious Beliefs: Altars-Sacella-Votive Deposits
126(5)
Female Divinities
131(1)
Women's Clothes
131(2)
The Status of Women
133(2)
The Archaic Period, About 575-480 B.C.
135(126)
The Flowering of the Etruscan Cities
135(2)
Changes in Military Equipment and Tactics
137(1)
Roads and Bridges
137(1)
Habitations in Towns: Acquarossa
138(4)
Economic Changes and Early Currency
142(1)
Changes in the Form of Tombs
142(29)
Veii
144(1)
Cerveteri
144(1)
Orvieto
145(3)
Tarquinia
148(1)
Tuscania
149(2)
Vulci
151(13)
Populonia
164(1)
Vetulonia
165(1)
Cortona
166(1)
Perugia
167(2)
Chiusi
169(2)
The Emporia
171(13)
Gravisca
172(2)
Pyrgi
174(10)
The Sanctuary of Punto Della Vipera
184(1)
La Castellina Del Marangone
185(1)
A Glimpse of Archaic Etruscan History
185(2)
Northward Expansion From Etruria
187(10)
Marzabotto
188(5)
Spina
193(2)
Pisa
195(2)
Campania and the Ager Picentinus
197(4)
Conflicts in the Western Mediterranean
201(3)
The Battle in the Sardinian Sea
201(3)
Veii
204(7)
History
204(1)
The Sanctuaries
205(6)
The Sanctuary of Juno Curitis at Celle Near Civita Castellana
211(1)
Cerveteri
212(8)
Archaic Architecture
212(2)
Terra-cotta Sculpture
214(3)
Painted Wall-Panels
217(3)
Tarquinia
220(23)
The Ara della Regina Temple
220(1)
Archaic Tomb-Painting
221(18)
Bronze Mirrors
239(4)
Funerary Art in Northern Etruria
243(12)
Chiusi
243(5)
Volterra
248(2)
Fiesole
250(2)
Votive Bronze Statuettes
252(3)
Conclusions
255(6)
Crisis and Renewal: The Fifth and Fourth Centuries
261(66)
Retrenchment in the South
261(3)
The Economic and Artistic Consequences
263(1)
Continuity in the North
264(2)
Prosperity in Northern Cities
264(2)
Trade Relations with Massalia
266(1)
Social Tensions
266(1)
Developments in Rome
267(1)
An Outline of Etruscan Religion
268(19)
Etruscan Texts
271(1)
Groups of Divinities and Demons
272(5)
The Bronze Liver from Piacenza and Etruscan Cosmology
277(1)
Haruspices and Augurs
278(4)
Magic and Curses
282(2)
Female Worshipers and Priestesses
284(3)
Sarcophagi and Funerary Sculpture from Southern Etruria
287(10)
Chiusi: Cinerary Statues, Stone Sarcophagi, and Ash Urns
297(2)
Orvieto: Temples, Architectural Terra-Cottas, and Works in Bronze
299(6)
The Gallic Incursion
305(1)
Bologna: Funerary Stelae
306(2)
Tarquinia: Aristocratic Tombs
308(7)
Cerveteri: Family Tombs
315(4)
Etruscan Painted Pottery of the Fourth and Third Centuries
319(8)
The Hellenistic Period: Third to First Century
327(63)
Etruria's Absorption by Rome
327(6)
Chiusi: Tombs
333(13)
Sarcophagi
335(6)
Ash Urns
341(2)
Bronze and Terra-cotta Sculpture in Sanctuaries
343(3)
Tuscania: Tombs and Sarcophagi
346(3)
Southern Etruria: Rock Tombs
349(6)
Female Statues
355(8)
Couples, Mothers, Babies, and Small Children
361(2)
Life Expectancy
363(1)
Volterra and Its Territory
363(12)
Perugia and Arezzo
375(8)
Social Unrest and Final Integration
383(7)
Bibliography 390(16)
Illustration Credits 406(2)
Index 408

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