| Preface |
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vii | |
| Introduction: On Ethics and Environmental Concerns |
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1 | (2) |
| What Is Ethics? |
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3 | (2) |
| PART ONE: Theory |
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5 | (292) |
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Western Philosophy of Nature: The Roots of Our Ecological Situation |
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10 | (19) |
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11 | (2) |
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The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis |
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13 | (6) |
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The Cultural Basis of Our Environmental Crisis |
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19 | (5) |
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The Judeo-Christian Stewardship Attitude to Nature |
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24 | (5) |
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29 | (46) |
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Rational Beings Alone Have Moral Worth |
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31 | (2) |
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A Utilitarian Defense of Animal Liberation |
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33 | (7) |
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The Radical Egalitarian Case for Animal Rights |
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40 | (6) |
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A Critique of Regan's Animal Rights Theory |
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46 | (5) |
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Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair |
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51 | (11) |
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What Animal Liberation Is and Isn't About |
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62 | (7) |
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69 | (6) |
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Does Nature Have Intrinsic Value? Biocentric and Ecocentric Ethics and Deep Ecology |
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75 | (114) |
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Does Nature Have Intrinsic Value? |
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76 | (1) |
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Naturalizing Values: Organisms and Species |
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76 | (10) |
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Comments of Holmes Rolston's ``Naturalizing Values'' |
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86 | (3) |
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89 | (6) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (5) |
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Biocentric Egalitarianism |
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100 | (12) |
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On Being Morally Considerable |
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112 | (7) |
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119 | (1) |
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Ecocentrism: The Land Ethic |
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119 | (7) |
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The Conceptual Foundations of the Land Ethic |
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126 | (10) |
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Refocusing Ecocentrism: De-emphasizing Stability and Defending Wildness |
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136 | (11) |
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147 | (1) |
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The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecological Movement |
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147 | (3) |
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Ecosophy T: Deep Versus Shallow Ecology |
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150 | (7) |
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157 | (5) |
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A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Ethics |
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162 | (6) |
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Social Ecology Versus Deep Ecology |
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168 | (8) |
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176 | (3) |
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Environmental Justice: Reconciling Anthropocentric and Nonanthropocentric Ethics |
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179 | (10) |
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Ecofeminism and Deep Ecology |
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189 | (16) |
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The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism |
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189 | (10) |
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A Critique of Ecofeminism |
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199 | (6) |
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Preservation of the Species, Nature, and Natural Objects |
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205 | (44) |
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Biodiversity: The Key to Saving Life on Earth |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (6) |
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The Golden Rule---A Proper Scale for Our Environmental Crisis |
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214 | (4) |
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What's Wrong with Plastic Trees? |
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218 | (11) |
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229 | (6) |
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The Call of the Wild: The Struggle Against Domination and the Technological Fix of Nature |
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235 | (5) |
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Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects |
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240 | (9) |
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Non-Western Perspectives on Environmental Ethics |
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249 | (29) |
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Satyagraha for Conservation: Awakening the Spirit of Hinduism |
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250 | (6) |
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The Buddhist Attitude Towards Nature |
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256 | (4) |
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Islamic Environmental Ethics, Law, and Society |
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260 | (5) |
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Mawil Y. Izzi Deen (Samarrai) |
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An African Perspective on the Environmental Crisis |
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265 | (6) |
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Radical Environmentalism and Wildness Preservation: A Third World Critique |
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271 | (7) |
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Obligations to Future Generations |
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278 | (19) |
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278 | (6) |
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Limited Obligations to Future Generations |
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284 | (5) |
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Energy Policy and the Further Future: The Identity Problem |
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289 | (8) |
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| PART TWO Practice |
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297 | (248) |
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298 | (1) |
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Population: General Considerations |
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299 | (56) |
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A Special Moment in History: The Challenge of Overpopulation and Overconsumption |
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302 | (9) |
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The Tragedy of the Commons |
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311 | (7) |
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The Central Immigration Issue: How Many Americans? |
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318 | (13) |
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The Unjust War Against Population |
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331 | (10) |
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341 | (7) |
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348 | (7) |
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Population and World Hunger |
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355 | (29) |
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356 | (7) |
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Population and Food: A Critique of Lifeboat Ethics |
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363 | (4) |
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Famine, Affluence, and Morality |
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367 | (6) |
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Vegetarianism and ``the Other Weight Problem'' |
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373 | (7) |
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The World Food Supply: The Damage Done by Cattle-Raising |
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380 | (4) |
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Pollution: General Considerations |
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384 | (24) |
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386 | (5) |
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391 | (4) |
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395 | (9) |
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People or Penguins: The Case for Optimal Pollution |
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404 | (4) |
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408 | (23) |
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409 | (4) |
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The Blessings of Pesticides |
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413 | (4) |
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Environmental Hysteria: The Alar Scare |
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417 | (9) |
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Is Silent Spring Behind Us? |
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426 | (5) |
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Atmospheric Conditions: The Greenhouse Effect and the Ozone Layer |
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431 | (16) |
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The Heat Is On: The Greenhouse Effect |
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432 | (7) |
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The Greenhouse Effect: Hype and Hysteria |
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439 | (8) |
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Economics, Ethics, and the Environment |
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447 | (42) |
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452 | (3) |
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Sustainable Development: Economic Myths and Ecological Realities |
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455 | (6) |
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Consumption: The Economics of Value Added and the Ethics of Value Distributed |
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461 | (6) |
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At the Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima, or Why Political Questions Are Not All Economic |
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467 | (7) |
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A Defense of Risk--Cost--Benefit Analysis |
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474 | (8) |
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Kristin Shrader-Frechette |
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Neoclassical Economics and Principles of Sustainable Development |
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482 | (7) |
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Ecology and Global Justice |
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489 | (16) |
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The Rio Declaration (1992) |
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489 | (3) |
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492 | (7) |
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Deceiving the Third World: The Myth of Catching-up Development |
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499 | (6) |
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From Dysfunctional to Sustainable Society |
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505 | (40) |
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Dysfunctional Civilization |
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506 | (9) |
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Environmental Risks, Rights, and the Failure of Liberal Democracy |
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515 | (13) |
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Environmental Ethics and Democracy: A Response to Westra |
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528 | (5) |
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An Ecological Critique of Global Advertising |
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533 | (6) |
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Pedaling Power: Sustainable Transportation |
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539 | (3) |
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Strategic Monkeywrenching |
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542 | (3) |
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Vision of a Sustainable World |
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545 | |
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Other versions by this Author