Disraeli and the Eastern Question

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Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2010-12-30
Publisher(s): Oxford University Press
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Summary

Benjamin Disraeli is primarily remembered as a two-time Prime Minister, founder of modern British Conservatism, and popular novelist. However, in the course of a few fateful years, he had a decisive influence on the history of the countries of the Balkan peninsula. Like all British Prime Ministers in this period, Disraeli was forced to confront the Eastern Question: what to do about the political future of the Balkans and the Levant, as the Ottoman Empire began to implode. During the 'Eastern Crisis' of 1875 to 1878, Disraeli played a key role, in the end imposing his will on the rest of Europe at the Congress of Berlin. It is a commonplace in biographies of Disraeli that his attitude to the East and the Eastern Question is essential for understanding his complex persona and the most crucial period of his career, yet until now this topic has not been researched in detail.Disraeli and the Eastern Questionnow fills this gap, providing the first complete reconstruction of Disraeli's attitudes towards the East and the Eastern Question as a whole, from his early youth onwards, and using a wide range of primary sources, from Disraeli's private papers, correspondence, and novels, the manuscript collections of Queen Victoria and the Prime Minister's closest associates, to the minutes of Parliamentary debates and the official correspondence of the Foreign Office, as well as Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, and Albanian documents. Blending a biographical approach with the history of ideas, Milos Kovic analyses Disraeli's role in the Eastern Crisis, at the Congress of Berlin, and after, to provide a full intellectual biography of his attitudes to the Eastern Question and how these affected the history of international relations in the late nineteenth century.

Author Biography


Milos Kovic is Assistant Professor at the University of Belgrade. He teaches Modern History at the Faculty of Philosophy, and has published on European, Balkan and Serbian history.

Table of Contents

Prefacep. vii
List of Abbreviationsp. xix
List of Figuresp. xxi
Lise of Mapsp. xxiii
Disraeli, the Balkans, and the Ottoman Empire (1804-74)
Originsp. 3
Ancestry: Isaac D'Israelip. 3
Hit Father's Library: Gibbon and Machiavellip. 4
The Mark of the Times: Canning and Byronp. 6
The Grand Tourp. 8
In Search of Identityp. 8
'The Eastern Fashion' and Conservative Romanticismp. 8
The Roots of Russophobe From Canning to Wellingtonp. 10
The Grand Tour as a Social Ritualp. 14
The Beginning of the Journey: Moorish Spainp. 14
Malta: Turkish Tobacco and Imperial Solidarityp. 15
Corfu and Epirus: From Turkish Volunteer to Brush Diplomatp. 16
The Roots of Turkophilia: The Charms of the 'Orient' and Class Solidarityp. 20
The Peloponnese and Athens: Contempt for the Greeksp. 22
Constantinople: 'My Turkish Prejudices'p. 24
Syria and the Holy Land: An Eastern Identityp. 25
Egypt: Life 'a là Turque'p. 27
The Upward Rise: Politics and Literaturep. 29
A Tory Radical: From Wellington to Canningp. 29
Contarini Fleming: The Sultan's Warrior and the Italian Patriotp. 31
The 'National Theme' in Alroy: The Jews Against the Turksp. 35
The Rise of Iskander: 'Beautiful Greece' and 'Moslem Yoke'p. 36
The Return to the Conservatives and Entry into Parliamentp. 38
Eastern Entanglements: Metternich as a Role-Modelp. 39
The Serbian Crisis: Crisis: Conflict with Peelp. 41
Between Palmerston and Metternichp. 44
Coningsby: The Eastern Identity Takes Shapep. 46
Tancred:'Glowing Empires' and 'Tyranny of Self-Government'p. 47
Orientalism and the Division of the Ottoman Empirep. 49
'Turkophillia' or 'Proto-Zionism'p. 51
Consolidating his Beliefs: The Crimean War and the Ministerial Yearsp. 54
The Crimean War: 'Two Schools'p. 54
Balkan Nationalism or 'Artificial Insurrections'p. 63
The New Imperialism and 'the Instinct of Power'p. 66
'The Love of Fame'p. 68
The Prime Minister: Preserving the Sums Quop. 68
The Jewish Question in Serbia and Romaniap. 71
The Case of Gaston Phoebus: From 'Hellenism' to Eastern Orthodoxyp. 74
Russia's Return to the Balkans: 'Power can only be met by Power'p. 76
Lord Beaconsfield and the Eastern Crisis (1875-8)
'The Eastern Question Again!': From Herzegovina Insurrection to the Berlin Memorandump. 83
Taking Over the Reins of Foreign Policyp. 83
The Dreikaiserbund Threat and the Danger of Isolationp. 85
'War in Sight': The Prime Minister's First Successp. 86
The Uprising in Herzegovina: Suspicion towards Austria-Hungaryp. 87
'This Dreadful Herzegovina Affair'p. 89
Home Rule in Bosnia and Herzegovinap. 90
Pressure on Serbiap. 92
'Wonderful Turkish Bankruptcy'p. 93
Triumph in Egyptp. 95
Russia and Austria-Hungary: Two Empires, Four Policiesp. 96
The Andrássy Note: 'Erroneus in Principle and Pernicious in Practice'p. 98
'The Empress of India'p. 102
'Very Bad News From Turkey'p. 103
The Berlin Memorandum: 'We have been Treated as if we were Serbia or Montenegro'p. 105
Britain Takes the Leading Rolep. 107
The Prime Minister's Threats and Offersp. 109
'The Utter Discomfiture of Russia': Undermining the Three Emperors' Leaguep. 112
'The Serbian Conspiracy' and 'Bulgarian Agitation': The Serbo-Turkish War and the Revolt of Public Opinionp. 117
'Une Saignée Nécessaire'p. 117
'Foreign Agents and Foreign Committees'p. 119
'Bulgarian Atrocities'p. 122
'The Infamous Invasion of the Serbians'p. 125
Arrangement without Britain: The Reichstadt Agreementp. 127
'Indignity in Parliament'p. 128
The Return of Gladstonep. 132
The Peerage and Imperial Passionp. 136
Lord Beaconsfield Launches Peace Talksp. 138
'The Bulgarian Agitation'p. 140
The Unyielding Prime Ministerp. 141
Beaconsfield's Plan for the Partition of the Ottoman Empirep. 143
Gladstone's Pamphlet and the Pinnacle of the Agitationp. 144
The Question of Beaconsfield's Jewish Motivesp. 146
The Shaken Prime Ministerp. 147
Beaconsfield Relents: New Balkan Autonomiesp. 150
Beaconsfield Provokes: The Speech at Aylesburyp. 151
Tsar Demands Bulgariap. 156
Beaconsfield Demands Constantinoplep. 158
The First Conflict with Derbyp. 159
Rescuing Turkey: The Constantinople Conference and the London Protocolp. 166
The Tsar's Ultimatump. 166
The Beginning of Negotiations with Austria-Hungaryp. 167
The Appointment of Lord Salisburyp. 168
The Exchange of Threatsp. 169
'European Dynasty' or National Statesp. 171
'Tenterdenism is a Dusty Affair': Instructions for Salisburyp. 173
'Distribution of Power' or 'Religious Enthusiasm'p. 174
The Prime Minister's Secret Messagesp. 176
Salisbury and Ignatiev Draw the Borders of the Balkansp. 177
Navarino's Ghostsp. 179
'Salisbury is more Russian than Ignatiev'p. 183
'I wish Russians & Turks were all at the Bottom of the Black Sea'p. 185
The Fall of Midhat Pasha: 'We are now indeed as free as air'p. 188
The Dreikaiserbund Strikes Back: The Budapest Conventionp. 190
Duels in Parliament: The Interests of Empires and the Rights of Nationsp. 191
Russia's 'Golden Bridge': The London Protocolp. 194
Beaconsfield Demands Gallipolip. 199
The Prime Minister's Dictatorial Powers: the Russo-Turkish War and Conflicts within the Cabinetp. 202
Moving Away from Derby and Closer to the Queenp. 202
Sickness and Neutralityp. 204
'The English Rights' Versus 'the Rest of the World'p. 205
The Prime Minister Seeks Alliesp. 208
The Russians Cross the Danubep. 210
Beaconsfield's Decisive Measuresp. 213
A Belligerent Queen, a Cautious Army, and Disobedient Ministersp. 215
Salisbury's Indecisiveness and Panic in the Cabinetp. 217
Plevna: Relaxation and Private Diplomacyp. 219
'Multiform Power', 'Inland Mongrels', and 'Rascals'p. 222
The Prime Minister's Attempts at Mediationp. 225
'Diplomacy with the Eastern Question is a Daemon Incarnate'p. 227
The Fall of Plevna and the Beginning of the Showdown with Derbyp. 228
Concentrating Power in the Hands of Beaconsfield and Winning over Salisburyp. 230
The Prime Minister's Demands: Access to the Straits and War Loansp. 234
Beaconsfield Wins over Public Opinion and Ousts Lord Carnarvonp. 236
'When You Say Government You Mean Lord Beaconsfield'p. 238
The Adrianople Armistice and the Rise of Jingoismp. 238
At the Gates of Constantinople: The Threat of Warp. 241
'Peace with Honour': From San Stefano to Berlinp. 247
The Treaty of San Stefano: Ignatiev is Ready for Negotiationsp. 247
Beaconsfield and Andrássy Demand a Congressp. 248
Mediterranean and Muslim Solidarityp. 251
Beaconsfield's Tactical Goal: Agreement with Russiap. 253
Andrássy's Anger and Ignatiev's Surprise: The Isolation of Russiap. 254
Full Control of the Cabinet: Derby's Resignationp. 256
Beaconsfield and Salisbury: Who Sided with Whom?p. 257
Defence of the Empire: News of the Movement of the Indian Troopsp. 259
Three-Way Negotiationsp. 261
Ahead of the Departure for Berlinp. 267
The Opening of the Congressp. 269
Eastern Rumelia: Defending the Sultan's Rightsp. 271
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro: Cooperation with Austria-Hungaryp. 274
Albanians, Romanians, and Greeks: Understanding for the 'Anti-Slav Races'p. 277
The Closing of the Congress, Asthma, and Goutp. 280
'The Empire of Freedom Truth, and Justice'p. 281
Gladstone Refuses to Surrenderp. 285
Temptations in Later Life (1878-81)
Imperial Undertakings and Balkan Misfortunesp. 291
Balkan Fatiguep. 291
Mediating between Two Empiresp. 292
Advancing into Asian Turkeyp. 293
Russia Retreatsp. 295
The Albanian War Threatp. 298
Defeat and Deathp. 301
'The Midlothian Campaign': Beaconsfield Defeatedp. 301
A Last Glance at the Balkansp. 302
Conclusion: The Quest for Power, Fame, and Prestigep. 307
Bibliographyp. 319
Indexp. 329
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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