Anthropology : A Brief Introduction,9780130156006

Anthropology : A Brief Introduction

by ;
Edition: 4th
ISBN13: 9780130156006
ISBN10: 0130156000
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 1999-10-01
Publisher(s): Prentice Hall
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Summary

This brief, concise version of Ember/Ember's larger best-selling book explores the significant achievements in physical and cultural anthropology. It is interested not only in what humans are and were like, but "why they got to be that way," in all their variety. A four-part organization introduce readers to what anthropology is, discusses biological and cultural evolution, considers cultural variation, and highlights the applicable and practical uses of the field. For those considering a career in anthropology, and anyone who wants a better understanding of how research of the past can suggest possible solutions to various global social problems of today.

Table of Contents

Boxes xi
Preface xiii
About the Authors xxiii
PART I INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY
What Is Anthropology?
1(15)
The Scope of Anthropology
1(1)
The Holistic Approach
2(1)
The Anthropological Curiosity
3(1)
Fields of Anthropology
3(7)
Applied Anthropology
10(1)
The Relevance of Anthropology
11(2)
Summary
13(1)
Glossary Terms
14(1)
Critical Questions
14(1)
Internet Exercises
15(1)
PART II HUMAN EVOLUTION: BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL
Evolution
16(15)
The Principles of Natural Selection
17(2)
Heredity
19(4)
Sources of Variability
23(2)
The Origin of Species
25(1)
Natural Selection of Behavioral Traits
26(2)
Summary
28(1)
Glossary Terms
29(1)
Critical Questions
29(1)
Internet Exercises
30(1)
Primate Evolution: From Early Primates to Hominids
31(21)
Common Primate Traits
31(3)
Distinctive Human Traits
34(4)
Interpreting the Fossil Record
38(2)
The Emergence of Primates
40(4)
The Emergence of Anthropoids
44(1)
The Miocene Anthropoids: Monkeys, Apes, and Hominids
45(2)
The Divergence of Hominids from the Other Hominoids
47(1)
Summary
48(2)
Glossary Terms
50(1)
Critical Questions
50(1)
Internet Exercises
50(2)
Early Hominids and Their Cultures
52(21)
Trends in Hominid Evolution
52(6)
Australopithecines: The Earliest Definite Hominids
58(4)
Early Species of Homo
62(1)
Early Hominid Cultures
62(4)
Homo erectus
66(1)
Homo erectus Cultures
67(3)
Summary
70(1)
Glossary Terms
71(1)
Critical Questions
72(1)
Internet Exercises
72(1)
The Emergence of Homo sapiens and Their Cultures
73(20)
The Transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens
73(1)
Neandertals and Other Definite Homo sapiens
74(1)
Middle Paleolithic Cultures
75(4)
The Emergence of Modern Humans
79(3)
Upper Paleolithic Cultures
82(6)
The Earliest Humans and Their Cultures in the New World
88(2)
Summary
90(1)
Glossary Terms
91(1)
Critical Questions
92(1)
Internet Exercises
92(1)
Human Variation
93(20)
Processes in Human Variation
93(3)
Physical Variation in Human Populations
96(8)
Race and Racism
104(7)
The Future of Human Variation
111(1)
Summary
111(1)
Glossary Terms
112(1)
Critical Questions
112(1)
Internet Exercises
112(1)
The Emergence of Food Production and the Rise of States
113(33)
Preagricultural Developments
114(5)
The Domestication of Plants and Animals
119(7)
Why Did Food Production Develop?
126(2)
Consequences of the Rise of Food Production
128(2)
Origins of Cities and States
130(1)
Archaeological Inferences About Civilization
131(1)
Cities and States in Southern Iraq
132(2)
Cities and States in Mesoamerica
134(1)
The City and State of Teotihuacan
134(2)
The First Cities and States in Other Areas
136(1)
Theories About the Origin of the State
137(4)
The Decline and Collapse of States
141(2)
Summary
143(1)
Glossary Terms
144(1)
Critical Questions
145(1)
Internet Exercises
145(1)
PART III CULTURAL VARIATION
The Concept of Culture
146(20)
Defining Features of Culture
146(4)
Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures
150(1)
Cultural Relativism
151(2)
Describing a Culture
153(5)
Some Assumptions about Culture
158(5)
Summary
163(2)
Glossary Terms
165(1)
Critical Questions
165(1)
Internet Exercises
165(1)
Communication and Language
166(31)
Communication
167(3)
The Origins of Language
170(4)
Structural Linguistics
174(5)
Historical Linguistics
179(4)
The Processes of Linguistic Divergence
183(1)
Relationships Between Language and Culture
184(5)
The Ethnography of Speaking
189(5)
Summary
194(1)
Glossary Terms
195(1)
Critical Questions
196(1)
Internet Exercises
196(1)
Getting Food
197(17)
Food Collection
198(3)
Food Production
201(6)
Environmental Restraints on Food-Getting
207(3)
The Origin, Spread, and Intensification of Food Production
210(2)
Summary
212(1)
Glossary Terms
213(1)
Critical Questions
213(1)
Internet Exercises
213(1)
Economics and Social Stratification
214(36)
The Allocation of Resources
214(4)
The Conversion of Resources
218(7)
The Distribution of Goods and Services
225(11)
Social Stratification
236(7)
Slavery
243(2)
The Emergence of Stratification
245(1)
Summary
246(2)
Glossary Terms
248(1)
Critical Questions
248(1)
Internet Exercises
248(2)
Sex, Gender, and Culture
250(22)
Physique and Physiology
251(1)
Gender Roles
251(4)
Relative Contribution to Subsistence
255(3)
Political Leadership and Warfare
258(2)
The Relative Status of Women
260(2)
Personality Differences
262(3)
Sexuality
265(4)
Summary
269(1)
Glossary Terms
270(1)
Critical Questions
270(1)
Internet Exercises
271(1)
Marriage and the Family
272(24)
Marriage
272(1)
Why Is Marriage Universal?
273(3)
How Does One Marry?
276(3)
Restrictions on Marriage: The Universal Incest Taboo
279(4)
Whom Should One Marry?
283(3)
How Many Does One Marry?
286(3)
The Family
289(4)
Summary
293(1)
Glossary Terms
294(1)
Critical Questions
294(1)
Internet Exercises
295(1)
Marital Residence and Kinship
296(26)
Patterns of Marital Residence
297(1)
Explanations of Variation in Residence
298(4)
The Structure of Kinship
302(2)
Bilateral Kinship
304(2)
Unilineal Descent
306(7)
Ambilineal Systems
313(1)
Kinship Terminology
314(6)
Summary
320(1)
Glossary Terms
320(1)
Critical Questions
321(1)
Internet Exercises
321(1)
Political Life: Social Order and Disorder
322(24)
Variation in Types of Political Organization
323(10)
Variation in Political Process
333(10)
Summary
343(1)
Glossary Terms
344(1)
Critical Questions
344(1)
Internet Exercises
345(1)
Religion and Magic
346(17)
Variation in Religious Beliefs
347(5)
Variation in Religious Practices
352(6)
Religion and Adaptation
358(3)
Summary
361(1)
Glossary Terms
362(1)
Critical Questions
362(1)
Internet Exercises
362(1)
PART IV ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE MODERN WORLD
Applied Anthropology and Social Problems
363(22)
Applied and Practicing Anthropology
364(4)
Global Social Problems: Basic Research and Possible Solutions
368(14)
Making the World Better
382(1)
Summary
383(1)
Glossary Terms
384(1)
Critical Questions
384(1)
Internet Exercises
384(1)
Glossary 385(11)
Notes 396(41)
Index 437(9)
Index to the Notes 446

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