Analog Signal Processing

by Pallás-Areny, Ramón; Webster, John G.

Edition: 1st

ISBN13: 9780471125280

ISBN10: 0471125288

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 1999-02-05

Publisher(s): Wiley-Interscience

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Summary

A proven, cost-effective approach to solving analog signal processing design problems Most design problems involving analog circuits require a great deal of creativity to solve. But, as the authors of this groundbreaking guide demonstrate, finding solutions to most analog signal processing problems does not have to be that difficult. Analog Signal Processing presents an original, five-step, design-oriented approach to solving analog signal processing problems using standard ICs as building blocks. Unlike most authors who prescribe a "bottom-up" approach, Professors PallAreny and Webster cast design problems first in functional terms and then develop possible solutions using available ICs, focusing on circuit performance rather than internal structure. The five steps of their approach move from signal classification, definition of desired functions, and description of analog domain conversions to error classification and error analysis. Featuring 90 worked examples-many of them drawn from actual implementations-and more than 130 skill-building chapter-end problems, Analog Signal Processing is both a valuable working resource for practicing design engineers and a textbook for advanced courses in electronic instrumentation design.An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.

Author Biography

RAM+N PALL-S-ARENY, PhD, is a professor in the Electronic Engineering Department of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia in Barcelona, Spain.<br> <br> . WEBSTER, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Preface

xiii

1 Signals and Signal Processing

(41)

1.1 Signals, Information, Interference, and Noise

(1)

1.2 Signal Classification

(12)

1.2.1 Analog and Digital Signals

(2)

1.2.2 Single-Ended, Differential, and Floating Signals

(8)

1.2.3 Low-Impedance and High-Impedance Signals

(2)

1.3 Dynamic Range and Signal-to-Noise Ratio

(2)

1.4 Functions in Analog Signal Processing

(13)

1.4.1 Linear and Nonlinear Functions

(3)

1.4.2 Amplitude and Level Matching

(1)

1.4.3 Impedance Adaptation. Buffering

(3)

1.4.4 Domain Conversions

(2)

1.4.5 Filtering

(1)

1.4.6 Linearization

(1)

1.4.7 Interference Compensation

(1)

1.4.8 Level Comparison and Threshold Detection

(1)

1.4.9 Terminal Matching

(2)

1.5 Errors in Analog Signal Processing

(10)

1.5.1 Errors and Their Classification

(3)

1.5.2 Systematic Errors

(1)

1.5.3 Random Errors

(1)

1.5.4 Static Errors

(1)

1.5.5 Dynamic Errors

(6)

1.6 Problems

(1)

References

(2)

2 Voltage Amplification

(80)

2.1 Ideal Voltage Amplifiers

(3)

2.2 Practical Voltage Amplifiers

(12)

2.2.1 Figures of Merit of Fully Differential Amplifiers

(2)

2.2.2 Effects of Finite Input Impedances

(6)

2.2.3 Error Modeling for Voltage Amplifiers

(4)

2.2.4 Differential Versus Single-Ended Amplifiers

(1)

2.3 Building Blocks for Voltage Amplifiers

(17)

2.3.1 Voltage-Feedback Operational Amplifiers

(8)

2.3.2 Current-Feedback Operational Amplifiers

(3)

2.3.3 Difference Amplifiers

(1)

2.3.4 Instrumentation Amplifiers

(3)

2.3.5 Switched Capacitors

(1)

2.3.6 Voltage Buffers

(1)

2.4 dc Amplifiers

(23)

2.4.1 Single-Ended de Amplifiers

(13)

2.4.2 Differential-Input dc Amplifiers

(6)

2.4.3 Fully Differential dc Amplifiers

(4)

2.5 ac Amplifiers

(12)

2.5.1 Single-Ended ac Amplifiers

100

(4)

2.5.2 Differential-Input ac Amplifiers

104

(3)

2.5.3 Fully Differential ac Amplifiers

107

(2)

2.6 Composite Amplifiers

109

(4)

2.6.1 Cascaded Amplifiers

109

(2)

2.6.2 Feedback Composite Amplifiers

111

(2)

2.6.3 Paralleled Amplifiers

113

(1)

2.7 Programmable-Gain Amplifiers

113

(4)

2.8 Problems

117

(4)

References

121

(1)

3 Current-to-Voltage and Voltage-to-Current Conversion

122

(59)

3.1 Ideal Current-to-Voltgage Converters

122

(2)

3.2 Practical Current-to-Voltage Converters

124

(4)

3.2.1 Figures of Merit of Fully Differential Current-to-Voltage Converters

124

(2)

3.2.2 Error Modeling for Current-to-Voltage Converters

126

(2)

3.3 Building Blocks for Current-to-Voltage Converters

128

(2)

3.3.1 Current Integrators

128

(2)

3.3.2 Integrated Transimpedance Amplifiers

130

(1)

3.4 Current-to-Voltage Converter Amplifiers

130

(18)

3.4.1 Transimpedance Amplifiers

130

(12)

3.4.2 Charge Amplifiers

142

(6)

3.5 Ideal Voltage-to-Current Converters

148

(2)

3.6 Practical Voltage-to-Current Converters

150

(2)

3.6.1 Figures of Merit of Fully Differential Voltage-to-Current Converters

150

(1)

3.6.2 Error Modeling for Voltage-to-Current Converters

150

(2)

3.7 Operational Transconductance Amplifiers

152

(2)

3.8 Voltage-to-Current Converter Circuits

154

(13)

3.8.1 dc Current Sources and Sinks

154

(5)

3.8.2 Transconductance Amplifiers

159

(6)

3.8.3 Voltage-to-(4 mA to 20 mA) Converters

165

(2)

3.9 Other Components and Circuits for Processing Currents

167

(7)

3.9.1 Current Mirrors

167

(1)

3.9.2 Current Amplifiers

168

(4)

3.9.3 Current Conveyors

172

(1)

3.9.4 Bidirectional Current Sources

173

(1)

3.10 Problems

174

(5)

References

179

(2)

4 Linear Analog Functions

181

(48)

4.1 Addition

181

(12)

4.1.1 Single-Ended Voltage Addition

181

(6)

4.1.2 Differential Voltage Addition

187

(3)

4.1.3 Level Shifting

190

(3)

4.2 Subtraction

193

(2)

4.2.1 Single-Ended Voltage Subtraction

193

(1)

4.2.2 Differential Voltage Subtraction

194

(1)

4.3 Differentiation

195

(8)

4.3.1 Single-Ended Differentiator

196

(5)

4.3.2 Difference Differentiator

201

(2)

4.4 Integration

203

(11)

4.4.1 Single-Ended Integrator

203

(7)

4.4.2 Difference Integrator

210

(4)

4.5 Impedance Transformation and Conversion

214

(11)

4.5.1 Negative Impedance Conversion

214

(5)

4.5.2 Impedance Gyration

219

(3)

4.5.3 Capacitance Multiplication

222

(3)

4.6 Problems

225

(3)

References

228

(1)

5 ac/dc Signal Conversion

229

(45)

5.1 Description of ac Signals

229

(2)

5.2 Signal Rectification

231

(14)

5.2.1 Half-Wave Rectification

231

(3)

5.2.2 Full-Wave Rectification: Absolute-Value Circuits

234

(11)

5.3 Peak and Valley Detection

245

(4)

5.3.1 Peak Detection

245

(3)

5.3.2 Valley Detection

248

(1)

5.4 rms-to-dc Conversion

249

(6)

5.4.1 Thermal rms-to-dc Conversion

249

(2)

5.4.2 Direct Computation rms-to-dc Conversion

251

(2)

5.4.3 Implicit Computation rms-to-dc Conversion

253

(2)

5.5 Amplitude Demodulation

255

(15)

5.5.1 Envelope Detection

257

(2)

5.5.2 Coherent Demodulation

259

(11)

5.6 Problems

270

(3)

References

273

(1)

6 Other Nonlinear Analog Functions

274

(48)

6.1 Voltage Comparison

274

(14)

6.1.1 Voltage Comparators

274

(11)

6.1.2 Schmitt Triggers

285

(2)

6.1.3 Window Comparators

287

(1)

6.2 Voltage Limiting (Clipping)

288

(5)

6.3 Logarithmic Amplifiers

293

(9)

6.3.1 Transdiode Logarithmic Amplifiers

296

(5)

6.3.2 Log Ratio Amplifiers

301

(1)

6.4 Exponential (Antilog) Amplifiers

302

(2)

6.5 Analog Multipliers

304

(11)

6.5.1 Multiplier Error Specifications

304

(1)

6.5.2 Transconductance Multipliers

304

(7)

6.5.3 Log-Antilog Multiplier

311

(1)

6.5.4 Additional Multiplier Circuits

312

(3)

6.6 Analog Dividers

315

(3)

6.6.1 Analog Division by Feedback

315

(2)

6.6.2 Log-Antilog Dividers

317

(1)

6.7 Problems

318

(3)

References

321

(1)

7 Analog Signal Filtering

322

(57)

7.1 Introduction to Filtering and Filter Design

322

(16)

7.1.1 Filter Specification

322

(4)

7.1.2 Frequency Response

326

(4)

7.1.3 Transformation Rules

330

(1)

7.1.4 Normalization and Scaling Laws

331

(1)

7.1.5 Transient Response

331

(2)

7.1.6 Differential Filters

333

(5)

7.1.7 Filter Sensitivity

338

(1)

7.2 Components for Filter Implementation

338

(7)

7.2.1 Passive Components

339

(3)

7.2.2 Operational Amplifiers

342

(1)

7.2.3 Switched Capacitors

343

(2)

7.3 Low-Pass Filters

345

(7)

7.3.1 RC Low-Pass Filters

345

(2)

7.3.2 LC Low-Pass Filters

347

(1)

7.3.3 Active Low-Pass Filters

348

(4)

7.4 High-Pass Filters

352

(5)

7.4.1 RC High-Pass Filters

352

(1)

7.4.2 LC High-Pass Filters

352

(2)

7.4.3 Active High-Pass Filters

354

(3)

7.5 Bandpass Filters

357

(4)

7.5.1 Passive Bandpass Filters

357

(2)

7.5.2 Active Bandpass Filters

359

(2)

7.6 Band-Reject (Notch) Filters

361

(4)

7.6.1 Passive Band-Reject Filters

361

(1)

7.6.2 Active Band-Reject Filters

362

(3)

7.7 All-Pass Filters

365

(4)

7.8 Nonlinear Analog Filters

369

(3)

7.9 Input Filters and Circuit Protection

372

(4)

7.9.1 Single-Ended Inputs

372

(2)

7.9.2 Differential Inputs

374

(2)

7.10 Problems

376

(1)

References

377

(2)

8 Analog Signal Switching, Multiplexing, and Sampling

379

(46)

8.1 Introduction to Signal Acquisition

379

(3)

8.2 Analog Switches

382

(11)

8.2.1 The Ideal Analog Switch

382

(1)

8.2.2 Practical Analog Switches

383

(2)

8.2.3 dc Model and Errors for Analog Switches

385

(4)

8.2.4 ac Model and Errors for Analog Switches

389

(4)

8.2.5 Switching and Control Models for Analog Switches

393

(1)

8.3 Analog Multiplexers

393

(18)

8.3.1 Basic Structure and Models

393

(3)

8.3.2 dc Model and Errors for Analog Multiplexers

396

(4)

8.3.3 ac Model and Errors for Analog Multiplexers

400

(5)

8.3.4 Switching and Control Models for Analog Multiplexers

405

(1)

8.3.5 Input Channel Extension

406

(5)

8.4 Crosspoint Switch Arrays

411

(1)

8.5 Sample-and-Hold Amplifiers

412

(10)

8.5.1 The Need for Sample-and-Hold Amplifiers

412

(2)

8.5.2 The Basic Sample-and-Hold Circuit

414

(1)

8.5.3 Errors in Sample-and-Hold Amplifiers

415

(7)

8.6 Problems

422

(2)

References

424

(1)

9 Error Analysis and Reduction

425

(32)

9.1 Error Sources in Analog Signal Processing

425

(7)

9.1.1 Sources of Systematic Errors

426

(5)

9.1.2 Sources of Random Errors

431

(1)

9.2 Error Budget and Calculation

432

(7)

9.3 Error Reduction by Internal Calibration

439

(11)

9.3.1 Single-Point Calibration

439

(2)

9.3.2 Two-Point Calibration

441

(3)

9.3.3 Three-Point Calibration

444

(4)

9.3.4 n-Point Calibration

448

(2)

9.4 Offset Reduction Techniques

450

(3)

9.4.1 Autozero Techniques

451

(1)

9.4.2 The Recirculation Method

452

(1)

9.5 Gain-Error Reduction Techniques

453

(2)

9.6 Problems

455

(1)

References

456

(1)

10 Interference and its Reduction

457

(42)

10.1 Interference Coupling in Electronic Circuits

457

(19)

10.1.1 Conductive Coupling

458

(5)

10.1.2 Capacitive Coupling

463

(9)

10.1.3 Inductive Coupling

472

(4)

10.2 Grounding for Interference Reduction

476

(4)

10.2.1 Safety Ground

476

(1)

10.2.2 Signal Grounding

477

(2)

10.2.3 Partition Grounding

479

(1)

10.3 Shielding of Conductors and Circuits

480

(13)

10.3.1 The Electric Shield Concept

481

(1)

10.3.2 Circuit Guards

482

(2)

10.3.3 Electric Shield Grounding

484

(5)

10.3.4 Magnetic Shielding

489

(4)

10.4 Signal Isolation. Isolation Amplifiers

493

(3)

10.5 Problems

496

(1)

References

497

(2)

11 Noise, Drift, and Their Reduction

499

(67)

11.1 Noise Fundamentals

499

(20)

11.1.1 Noise Description

499

(4)

11.1.2 Thermal Noise

503

(2)

11.1.3 Shot Noise

505

(2)

11.1.4 Low-Frequency Noise

507

(2)

11.1.5 Noise Bandwidth

509

(4)

11.1.6 Noise Calculations

513

(6)

11.2 Noise in Electronic Components and Circuits

519

(39)

11.2.1 Equivalent Input Noise

520

(5)

11.2.2 Optimal Source Resistance and Noise Matching

525

(2)

11.2.3 Noise in Operational Amplifiers

527

(17)

11.2.4 Noise in Instrumentation Amplifiers

544

(2)

11.2.5 Noise in Resistors

546

(3)

11.2.6 Noise in Transimpedance Amplifiers

549

(2)

11.2.7 Noise in Charge Amplifiers

551

(3)

11.2.8 Noise in Differentiators

554

(2)

11.2.9 Noise in Integrators

556

(2)

11.3 Drift in Electronic Components

558

(1)

11.4 Environmental Noise (Pseudonoise)

559

(4)

11.4.1 Thermal Pseudonoise

560

(2)

11.4.2 Chemical Pseudonoise

562

(1)

11.4.3 Mechanical Pseudonoise

562

(1)

11.5 Problems

563

(1)

References

564

(2)

APPENDIX A: Web Sites of Interest in Analog Signal Processing

566

(4)

APPENDIX B: Standard EIA Resistor and Capacitor Values

570

(3)

INDEX

573

Analog Signal Processing

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