Summary
At a time of increased interest and renewed shock over the Tuskegee syphilis experiments,Acres of Skinsheds light on yet another dark episode of American medical history. In this disturbing expose, Allen M. Hornblum tells the story of Philadelphia's Holmesburg Prison. For more than two decades, from the mid-1950s through the mid-1970s, inmates were used, in exchange for a few dollars, as guinea pigs in a host of medical experiments. Based on in-depth interviews with dozens of prisoners as well as the doctors and prison officials who performed or enforced these experimental tests, Hornblum paints a disturbing portrait of abuse, moral indifference, and greed. Cantral to this account are the millions of dollars many of America's leading drug and consumer goods companies made available for the all too eager doctors seeking fame and fortune through their medical experiments. In addition to testing innocuous commerical products such as detergents, shampoos and diet drinks, the experiments atHolmesburg evolved into a far more dangerous corrupted human laboratory. Hundreds of prisoners were subjected to painful skin hardening experiments, fingernail extraction studies, chemical warfare agents, and frighteningly high does of dioxin and radioactive isotopes. Many of the test subjects became ill, required hospitalization and are scarred for life. However, as prisoners were viewed by corporate America and US government as valuable "raw materials" for product development. In often graphic detail, Acres of Skin exposes what really happened behind the locked doors of this American prison where men were treated like laboratory animals.
Table of Contents
| The Nuremberg Code |
|
xi | (2) |
| Introduction |
|
xiii | (8) |
| A Note on Sources |
|
xxi | |
| Part One The Subjects, the Doctors, and the Experiments |
|
3 | (72) |
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1. "The Money Was Good and the Money Was Easy." Inmates recall life and experiments at Holmesburg Prison |
|
|
3 | (26) |
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2. "It Was Like a Farmer Seeing a Fertile Field." Dr. Albert M. Kligman enters Holmesburg |
|
|
29 | (46) |
| Part Two Twentieth-Century American Penal Experimentation |
|
75 | (44) |
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3. "They're Dropping Like Flies Out Here." History of U.S. prisoner experimentation |
|
|
75 | (44) |
| Part Three Cruel and Unusual Experiments |
|
119 | (68) |
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4. "The Walls Seemed To Be Breathing." The Army tests chemical warfare agents |
|
|
119 | (30) |
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5. "I Am Not Part of the Program." Radioactive isotopes are introduced |
|
|
149 | (14) |
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6. "Danger! This Material Is Extremely Toxic." The dioxin experiments |
|
|
163 | (24) |
| Part Four The End of Experimentation at Holmesburg |
|
187 | (58) |
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7. "Where Are We Going To Do These Things Now?" The slow demise of inmate experimentation |
|
|
187 | (24) |
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8. "Retin-A(R)'s Birthplace Was at Holmesburg Prison." The discovery of Retin-A(R) |
|
|
211 | (22) |
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9. "A Conspiracy of Silence." Conclusion |
|
|
233 | (12) |
| Acknowledgments |
|
245 | (2) |
| Notes |
|
247 | (24) |
| Bibliography |
|
271 | (14) |
| Index |
|
285 | |